{"id":519,"date":"2011-02-02T14:02:06","date_gmt":"2011-02-02T12:02:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/?p=519"},"modified":"2021-04-09T13:37:47","modified_gmt":"2021-04-09T11:37:47","slug":"penicilina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/?p=519","title":{"rendered":"Istoria Penicilinei"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING \u2013 PARINTELE PRIMULUI ANTIBIOTIC<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>\u201e Singurul meu merit a fost acela ca nu am neglijat o observatie si ca am urmarit subiectul \u00een calitate de bacteriolog.&#8221;<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><a href=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/fleming.jpg\"><img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-520\" title=\"fleming\" src=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/fleming-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/fleming-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/fleming.jpg 415w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h2>BIOGRAFIE:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>1881 &#8211; se naste la 6 august, \u00een satul sco\u021bian Lochfield;<\/li>\n<li>1901 &#8211;&nbsp; cursuri la <em>St. Mary&#8217;s Hospital Medical School, <\/em>in Paddington;<\/li>\n<li>1906 &#8211;&nbsp; termin\u0103 studiile cu rezultate deosebite;<\/li>\n<li>1908 &#8211; ob\u021bine <em>Medalia Cheadley<\/em> pentru lucrarea &#8222;<em>Infec\u021bia bacterian\u0103 acut\u0103<\/em>&#8222;;<\/li>\n<li>1909 &#8211; prime\u0219te diploma de medic chirurg specialist;<\/li>\n<li>1921- descopera \u00een urma cercet\u0103rilor efectuate asupra propriilor mucozit\u0103\u021bi <strong><em>lizozimul &#8211;<\/em><\/strong> enzima naturala cu propriet\u0103\u021bi antibacteriene;<\/li>\n<li>1943 &#8211; ales membru al Royal British Society;<\/li>\n<li>1944 &#8211; i s-a acordat distinctia&nbsp; <strong><em>Sir<\/em><\/strong><em>;<\/em><\/li>\n<li>1945 &#8211; a primit &nbsp;Premiul Nobel pentru Medicina impreuna cu Ernst Chain si Howard Walter Florey<\/li>\n<li>1955 &#8211; la 11 martie, inceteaza din viata, &nbsp;\u00een urma unei r\u0103celi puternice, refuz\u00eend ajutorul medical specializat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>CONTRIBU\u021aII<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/fleming2.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-521 alignleft\" title=\"fleming2\" src=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/fleming2-300x266.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"270\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/fleming2-300x266.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/fleming2.jpg 372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/><\/a>Alexander Fleming a renuntat la practica medicala \u00een favoarea unei cariere \u00een cercetare, alaturandu-se colectivului stiintific condus de profesorul Almroth Wright &#8211; specialist \u00een domeniul patologiei \u0219i pionier \u00een domeniul imunologiei.<\/p>\n<p>Efectueaz\u0103 cercet\u0103ri asupra leprei \u0219i ciumei. Vaccinurile le testeaza pe el si membrii familiei sale, din lipsa voluntarilor.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen timpul primului razboi mondial, Fleming a studiat antisepticele.&nbsp; El a demonstrat ca tetanosul si gangrena, provocate de obicei de r\u0103ni, se datorau unor microorganisme care coabitau pe terenurile agricole, transformate \u00een&nbsp; c\u00e2mpuri de b\u0103t\u0103lie.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cempreun\u0103 cu Wright, el a demonstrat c\u0103 antisepticele nu puteau s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103 \u00een \u021besutul profund al r\u0103nii \u0219i, de fapt, ele nu f\u0103ceau altceva, dec\u00e2t, reduceau reac\u021bia antibacterian\u0103 din s\u00e2nge.<\/p>\n<p>Fleming constat\u0103 c\u0103 mijloacele folosite pentru dezinfectarea \u0219i cur\u0103\u021barea r\u0103nilor solda\u021bilor le provoac\u0103 acestora,&nbsp; urm\u0103ri mult mai grave.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/penicilina2.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-523 alignleft\" title=\"penicilina2\" src=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/penicilina2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"239\" height=\"192\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Analizeaza \u00eempreun\u0103 cu profesorul Wright modul in care sunt pansate r\u0103nile \u0219i cei doi speciali\u0219ti ajung la concluzia c\u0103 mijloace folosite reduc capacitatea natural\u0103 de ap\u0103rare a organismului. Trebuiau s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 un dezinfectant care s\u0103 nu afecteze sistemul imunitar al organismului.<\/p>\n<p>In timpul razboiului a elaborat tehnici de combatere a infec\u021biei \u0219i a&nbsp; influen\u021bat adoptarea procedurilor standard de dezinfectare si tratament.<\/p>\n<p>Incepe s\u0103 studieze bacteriile pe placi de culturi ( infec\u021biile&nbsp; cu stafilococ, in acea perioada, puneau mari probleme) &nbsp; \u0219i&nbsp; continua lucr\u0103rile \u00eencepute anterior.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/11.png\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-527 alignleft\" title=\"11\" src=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/11-286x300.png\" alt=\"poza\" width=\"208\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/11-286x300.png 286w, https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/11.png 355w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 208px) 100vw, 208px\" \/><\/a>In <a title=\"1928\" href=\"http:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1928\">1928<\/a>, omul de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 pleac\u0103 \u00een vacan\u021b\u0103, l\u0103s\u00e2nd \u00een laboratorul s\u0103u o cutie Petri, inseminata cu o tulpin\u0103 de bacterie, care provoca, printre altele, abcese.<\/p>\n<p>La intoarcere, Fleming a g\u0103sit placa acoperit\u0103 de mucegaiul <strong><em>Penicillium Notatum<\/em><\/strong>.&nbsp; Din curiozitate, dupa&nbsp; o vreme ( timp in care o&nbsp; ignorase ), a analizat respectiva placa si a observat ca nu se mai dezvoltau colonii de stafilococ imprejurul fungului. Studiile sale au fost publicate oficial, dar lumea medicala nu a con\u0219tientizat importan\u021ba descoperirii.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen 1945, penicilina a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se fabrice industrial, fiind un aliat important \u00een lupta impotriva infec\u021biilor cu germeni patogeni ( distrugea bacteriile mai rapid dec\u00e2t acidul carbonic). Fleming nu a recunoscut imediat importan\u021ba terapeutic\u0103 a noului medicament \u0219i&nbsp; a descris <strong><em>\u201e efectul de penicilin\u0103 <\/em><em>\u201d<\/em><\/strong> intr-o lucrare, ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00een 1929, in care&nbsp;&nbsp; a publicat rezultatele primelor cercet\u0103ri.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/2.png\"><img class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-530\" title=\"2\" src=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/2-300x122.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"249\" height=\"101\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/2-300x122.png 300w, https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/2.png 418w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 249px) 100vw, 249px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen perioada celui de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial, Howard Walter Florey si Ernst Boris Chain au facut eforturi sus\u021binute pentru a dezvolta penicilina ca medicament. Din anul 1938, ei&nbsp; au \u00eenceput sa testeze penicilina \u00een cadrul unui&nbsp; amplu experiment,&nbsp; care avea&nbsp; ca scop, identificarea unor agenti antibacterieni naturali.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/3.png\"><img class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-531\" title=\"3\" src=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/3-300x142.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"237\" height=\"112\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/3-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/3.png 402w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 237px) 100vw, 237px\" \/><\/a>\u00cen 1939, era evident ca penicilina are un mare potential \u00een acest sens. Ea a fost testata, \u00een urm\u0103torii&nbsp; doi ani, iar primele teste clinice s-au incheiat la jum\u0103tatea anului 1941.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen mai 1940, pentru a fi testat\u0103 penicilina, opt cobai au fost inoculati cu o doza letala de streptococi, iar apoi patru dintre ace\u0219tia au fost injecta\u021bi cu penicilina.&nbsp; \u00cen ziua urmatoare, cobaii&nbsp; c\u0103rora li se daduse doar doza de streptococi, au murit, iar cei&nbsp; c\u0103rora li se administrase \u0219i penicilina erau s\u0103n\u0103to\u0219i.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/4.png\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-532 alignright\" title=\"4\" src=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/4-300x153.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"238\" height=\"121\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/4-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/4.png 367w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 238px) 100vw, 238px\" \/><\/a>Florey \u0219i Chain, \u00een timpul atacurilor aeriene asupra Londrei,&nbsp; au cultivat penicilina \u00een toate vasele accesibile \u0219i i-au informat pe americani despre studiile efectuate \u0219i despre efectele penicilinei. Produc\u021bia propriu-zis\u0103, pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 a penicilinei, a fost \u00eenceput\u0103 de c\u0103tre <a title=\"SUA\" href=\"http:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SUA\">Statele Unite ale Americii<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Cu zece ani in urma, Fleming descoperise ca penicilina este &nbsp;greu de produs, e foarte instabila si nu are efect asupra anumitori bacterii (de exemplu holera, ciuma bubonica).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/5.png\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-533 alignleft\" title=\"5\" src=\"http:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/5-300x178.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/5-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/5.png 332w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 253px) 100vw, 253px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Cand Fleming a descoperit ca penicilina nu va avea efecte asupra animalelor daca este administrata pe cale bucala,interesul sau cu privire la acest subiect s-a diminuat.<\/p>\n<p>In 1941, a fost efectuata prima injectie cu penicilina pe un subiect de testare uman, de catre Ernst Chain si Howard Walter Florey. Pacientul, Albert Alexander, 43 de ani, politist din Oxford, se zg\u00e2riase pe fa\u021b\u0103 in urma unei&nbsp; cazaturi intr-o tuf\u0103 de trandafiri. Atunci c\u00e2nd zg\u00e2rieturile s-au infectat, s-a produs infectarea sangelui \u0219i au ap\u0103rut&nbsp; numeroase abcese. &nbsp;Din cauza durerilor mari a acceptat cu sa fie tratat cu noul medicament descoperit.<\/p>\n<p>Potrivit medicului curant, rezultatul a fost ca in patru zile, a existat o evolutie favorabila, pacientul se sim\u021bea mult mai bine. Datorita faptului ca stocul disponibil de penicilin\u0103 era limitat, tratamentul a fost \u00eentrerupt, infectia a reaparut, iar pacientul a murit dupa o lun\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Al doilea razboi mondial a furnizat un numar mai mult dec\u00e2t suficient de cazuri pentru testarea eficientei medicamentului, iar \u00een Anglia si Statele Unite a \u00eenceput sa fie produs pe scara industriala.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>PENICILINA<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Penicilina \u2013 este&nbsp; considerata cea mai mare descoperire, absolut \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103toare, cu o imensa aplicabilitate in medicina.<\/p>\n<p>Descoperirea acestui antibiotic \u00eei este atribuit\u0103 omului de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 sco\u021bian, Sir Alexander Fleming, laureat al Premiului Nobel.<\/p>\n<h2><a href=\"..\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/fleming31.jpg\"><img title=\"fleming3\" src=\"..\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/fleming31-300x291.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"242\"><\/a><\/h2>\n<p>Australianul Howard Walter Florey, germanul Ernst Chain si britanicul Norman Heatley sunt cei care au facut posibila transformarea fungusului <strong><em>Penicillium Notatum<\/em><\/strong> intr-un medicament.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"..\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/6.png\"><img title=\"6\" src=\"..\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/6-300x132.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"132\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>LUMINITA P\u00ceNZARIU<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING \u2013 PARINTELE PRIMULUI ANTIBIOTIC \u201e Singurul meu merit a fost acela ca nu am neglijat o observatie si ca am urmarit subiectul \u00een calitate de bacteriolog.&#8221; BIOGRAFIE: 1881 &#8211; se naste la 6 august, \u00een satul sco\u021bian Lochfield; 1901 &#8211;&nbsp; cursuri la St. Mary&#8217;s Hospital Medical School, in Paddington; 1906 &#8211;&nbsp; termin\u0103 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":520,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[152,13],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/519"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=519"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/519\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6732,"href":"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/519\/revisions\/6732"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/520"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=519"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=519"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.easistent.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=519"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}